Termite Control Effectiveness - The Facts

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Termites are not as likely to be attacked by fleas than bees, wasps and ants, as they're usually well protected in their mounds.122 Nevertheless, termites are infected by many different parasites. A few of them include dipteran flies,123 Pyemotes mites, and also a high number of nematode parasites. Most nematode parasites are in the order Rhabditida; others are in the genus Mermis, Diplogaster aerivora and Harteria gallinarum.

M. anispliae is known to weaken the termite immune system. Infection with A. nomius only occurs when a colony is under great stress. .

Termites are infected by viruses including Entomopoxvirinae and the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus.130131

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Because the worker and soldier castes lack wings and thus never flyand also the reproductives use their wings for only a brief amount of time, termites predominantly rely upon their own legs to move around.

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Foraging behaviour depends on the type of termite. For example, certain species feed on the wood constructions they inhabit, and others harvest food that's near the nest.132 Most employees are rarely found out in the open, and do not forage unprotected; they rely on sheeting and runways to protect them from predators.

When they find a food sourcethey communicate to other soldiers and a tiny force of employees starts to emerge. In the second stage, employees appear in massive numbers at the website. The third phase is indicated by a drop in the number of soldiers present and an increase in the number of workers.136 Isolated researchers may engage in Lvy flight behavior as an optimised way for finding their nestmates or foraging for food.137.

Competition between two colonies always ends in agonistic behavior towards one another, resulting in struggles. These fights can lead to mortality on either side and, in some situations, the gain or reduction of land.138139"Cemetery pits" could be present, where the bodies of dead termites are buried.140

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Studies show that when termites encounter each other in foraging areas, a few of the termites intentionally block passages to prevent other termites from entering.134141 Dead termites from other colonies found in exploratory tunnels leads to the isolation of the area and so the need to construct new tunnels.142 Conflict between two opponents does not necessarily happen.

Since C. formosanus colonies can get into physical conflict, a few termites squeeze closely into foraging tunnels and perish, effectively blocking the tunnel and ending all of agonistic activities.144.

Among the reproductive caste, neotenic her explanation queens may compete with each other to be the dominant queen when there are no primary reproductives. This struggle among the queens leads to the elimination of all but a single queen, which, together with all the king, accepts over the colony.145

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Ants and termites may compete with each other for nesting space. In particular, ants that prey on termites usually have a negative effect on arboreal nesting species.146

Most termites are blind, so communication primarily occurs through chemical, mechanical and pheromonal cues.41134 These methods of communication are employed in a variety of activities, including foraging, locating reproductives, construction of nests, recognition of nestmates, nuptial flight, and locating and fighting enemies, and defending the nests.41134 The most common method of communicating is through antennation.134 A number of pheromones are known, including contact pheromones (that are transmitted when workers are engaged in trophallaxis or grooming) and alert, path and sex pheromones.

Trail pheromones are secreted in the sternal gland, and gender pheromones derive from 2 glandular sources: the sternal and tergal glands.41 When termites go out to search for meals, they forage in columns along the ground through vegetation. A trail can be identified from the faecal residue or runways which are covered by objects.

When termites construct their nests, they utilize predominantly indirect communication. No single termite are in charge of any specific construction job. Individual termites react rather than think, however at a set level, they exhibit a type of collective cognition. Particular structures or other items like pellets of soil or pillars cause termites to begin building.

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The outcome is a self-organised process whereby the information that directs termite activity results in changes in the environment rather than from direct contact among individuals.134.

Termites can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through compound communication and gut symbionts: compounds consisting of hydrocarbons discharged from the cuticle permit the recognition of alien termite species.148149 Each colony has its own distinct odour. This odour is a result of genetic and environmental factors like the termites' diet andThe composition of these bacteria within the termites' intestines.150.

Termites rely on alert communication to defend a colony.134 Alarm pheromones can be released when the nest has been breached or is being attacked by enemies or potential pathogens. Termites constantly avoid nestmates infected with Metarhizium anisopliae spores, through vibrational signals released by infected nestmates.151 Additional methods of defence include intense jerking and secretion of fluids from the frontal gland and defecating faeces containing alarm pheromones.134152.

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